Much of my training comes from Japanese culture and have worked with quite a few Japanese Executives over the past 10 years. Have spent quite a bit of time digging into Japanese equities over that time as part of that. Here are a few key distinctions:
Treasury Stock Treatment: Japanese companies often include treasury stock in their outstanding share count. In contrast, U.S. companies typically exclude these shares. Treasury stock consists of shares that were once issued and outstanding but were repurchased by the company.
Cross-Shareholdings: This is a big one. In Japan, it's common for companies to hold significant stakes in each other. These cross-held shares are sometimes included in the outstanding share count. This practice is less common and treated differently in the U.S.
Voting Rights: Japanese companies might distinguish between shares that have voting rights and those that don't, which can affect how they calculate outstanding shares. In the U.S., we often focus more on the total number of shares issued and outstanding, regardless of their voting rights.
Hope this clarifies things. If you have any more additional questions about Japanese businesses, etc - don't hesitate to reach out.